SECURE SYNOPSIS: 25 MAY 2019
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you extra points in the form of background information.
Topic: . Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
Why this question:
The question is about discussing and differentiating the conditions of Urban poor women with those of rural counterparts.
Key demands of the question:
The answer must briefly discuss how the conditions of women are different and rather more deplorable for Women of Urban areas in India in comparison with those of rural areas.
Directive:
Comment– here we have to express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction
In a few introductory lines explain the general conditions of women in India.
Body
The answer must explain the following aspects:
- What are the conditions of women (poor) in urban India vs rural India?
- Why is the condition more appalling in urban regions?
- Discuss the causes of the above – societal, political and economic aspects.
- Explain what are the consequences of such a disparity.
Conclusion
Conclude with what needs to be done to overcome such a issue.
Introduction:
Half of India’s population consists of women, but as per UNDP’s Gender Inequality Index (GII), Indian women lag behind in the socio-economic indicators. The Maternal mortality rate, Girls not receiving secondary education are high where as Female Labour Participation Rate, Women’s seat share in parliament are low. This is further substantiated by India’s ranking in Global Gender Gap Index by World Economic Forum.
Body:
The dismal figures point towards the poor living conditions of the Indian women. And among them, the condition of urban poor women is even more deplorable than rural counterparts because
Food & Health of Urban Poor Women:
- Inflation of milk, vegetables, and pulses directly affects nutrition security of urban poor woman and her children.
- Since rural women engage in agriculture, fisheries and dairying; Government schemes for purchase of cattle, goat, hens- they’re slightly better off.
Residence & family life of Urban Poor Women:
- Nuclear families in slums, usually without caste-community affiliations. Husband has less fear of relatives or elders of the community. Could be more abusive / domestic violence than rural.
- Crime, Drugs, Liquor, Gambling, and Juvenile Delinquency is more prominent in urban slums than rural. When male members of a poor family engage in these evils, it has repercussion on the females of the house as well.
- Urban areas have higher cost of living. So, Urban poor woman have to engage herself in petty-labour while looking after the household chores and childcare. Rural women might have the help of grandparents / family elders / in-laws to take care of raising the children and dividing the domestic chores. So, she may have slightly better peace of mind.
- Urban slums have unhygienic conditions, and they are more prone to damage in urban floods which leads to diseases, financial distress. In Rural floods, Government relief and compensation packages are bigger and arrive more quickly due to the electoral politics.
- Urban slums more prone to eviction during anti-encroachment drives compared to rural slums.
Occupation & Financial Well-being of Urban Poor Women:
- Urban poor women face inequality in wages and job-opportunities. Salaried urban jobs require skill and documents- be it driver, electrician, plumber, nurse, receptionist, computer operator or teacher.
- So, urban poor women due to lack of higher-education end up in rag-picking, construction and hazardous industries without social security are more prone to industrial / occupational disease, disability. Rural women don’t have social security either, but they’re less prone to occupational disease because pesticide spraying is usually done by males.
- Urban poor women can hold only one type of job at a time (maids, ragpickers), whereas a rural poor woman can collect of minor forest produce in the morning, MGNREGA/farm-labourer in the afternoon and rearing hen/goat in the evening or going to a self-help-group for soap / handicrafts. So, employment security for rural poor women is slighter better than urban counterpart.
Political Voice of Urban Poor Women:
- Nature of municipal level delimitation and electoral politics is such that despite women-reservation in Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), limited opportunity for the poor women to express their voices, compared to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
Conclusion:
The conditions of urban poor women are deplorable than rural poor women. The need of the hour is to provide them with opportunities for health, education, work through initiatives like SHGs, NGO programs and Government initiatives like DAY-NULM, PM Awas Yojana, ICDS etc. This would help us in achieving the SDG-5 which empowers all women & achieve gender equality.
Topic: Environment, climate change
Why this question:
The article discusses in detail the case of Climate change knowledge management in India.
Key demand of the question:
The answer must evaluate how India’s climate adaptation needs are high but also diverse, given the bio-geographic and climate variations.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
In a few introductory lines explain what you understand by the question; climate change knowledge, its application in India.
Body:
Body of the answer to capture the following dimensions:
- What is Knowledge management? – Knowledge management is an important component in technical assistance programmes on climate change, which aims to capture good practices for feeding into development policies and programmes and support capacity building.
- What is the Indian case? – the bio-geographic and climate variations from the coasts to the Himalayan mountain ranges, and average annual rainfall pattern varying from 300 to 3,000 millimeter (mm). Explain that There is a deficiency of knowledge products on climate change impacts, vulnerability assessment and cost-effective adaptation and resilience planning.
- Highlight what are the policies in this direction? – National Mission on Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change, what are the mission objectives etc.
- Discuss what needs to be done?
Conclusion:
Conclude with what should be the way forward.
Introduction:
India has a diverse bio-geographic and climate variations from the coasts to the Himalayan mountain ranges, and average annual rainfall pattern varying from 300 to 3,000 millimetre (mm). The policy of one size fits all cannot be adopted to tackle the climate change effects.
Body:
Knowledge management is an important component in technical assistance programmes on climate change, which aims to capture good practices for feeding into development policies and programmes and support capacity building.
Current Scenario of Indian Knowledge management:
- There is a deficiency of knowledge products on climate change impacts, vulnerability assessment and cost effective adaptation and resilience planning.
- The PRECIS (Providing REgional Climates for Impact Studies) climate model, published in 2006 and revised in 2012, is still at a very coarse resolution, and the authors from the Indian Institute of Science acknowledge the limitations of climate models on assessing extreme climate projections that are important for adaptation planning.
- The Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) — recently established by the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) and Indian Institute for Tropical Meteorology, with the aim of developing an international coordinated framework to generate improved regional climate change projections world-wide — is yet publish usable climate change projections for developing adaptation plans in India.
- In absence of information on climate change impacts and vulnerability assessment, State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) has come up with weak adaptation strategies and unrealistic cost estimates.
- The Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) has only about 33 knowledge products by itself and 14 by its partner organisation on the theme of adaptation and resilience for India.
- There is also very less documentary evidence on ecosystem-based approaches and traditional knowledge on climate adaptation.
Policies in this direction:
The National Mission on Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change (NMSKCC) was made as one of the eight national missions in the right spirit.
The mission’s objective was to develop knowledge on climate change that can cater to climate action plans.
It has helped set up knowledge management cells in almost all states to support the research and training activities for implementation of SAPCC.
Some objectives of the NMSKCC are:
- Supporting research work on creating regional climate models to assess impacts on different ecological zones in the country.
- Encouraging research and establishing research networks on impacts of climate change on key sectors (agriculture, health, biodiversity, oceans and coastal systems etc.).
- Create institutional network for knowledge exchange and develop institutional and capacity and human resource development.
- Provide inputs to other national missions.
Challenges of NMSKCC:
- There is no scope for participation of private sector in research and collaborations and partnerships for inter-disciplinary research and international cooperation on science and technology.
- Many of the state knowledge management cells are yet to add on repositories on research publications, accessible knowledge products in forms of policy brief, reports and videos.
Way forward:
- Knowledge management on climate adaptation is very essential.
- There is a need to refine the current models on impact assessments.
- Successful pilot projects on adaptation must be promoted, documented and peer reviewed and such knowledge products must be disseminated in widest possible knowledge forums.
- Scientists must also consider making their work on adaptation and resilience accessible and translate to easily understandable knowledge products like blogs and policy briefs.
- Workshops and meetings for knowledge sharing and presentation of best practices must be encouraged.
- South-South and North-South cooperation with developing and developed countries particularly on climate change impact assessments, including using integrated assessment models to assess economic impacts of climate change and evaluating cost benefit analysis of different adaptation options, is essential.
- Exposure visits to countries that have demonstrated projects on climate change adaptation such as Bangladesh would help in knowledge exchange and peer learnings.
Topic : Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
Why this question:
Blockchain technology has been in news for quite a time now. The technology is not only revolutionary but also foundational in the sense other systems/ applications can be built on it.
Key demand of the question:
The answer must discuss
Directive word:
Evaluate – When you are asked to evaluate, you have to pass a sound judgement about the truth of the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidences. You have to appraise the worth of the statement in question. There is scope for forming a personal opinion here.
Structure of the answer
Introduction:
write a few introductory lines on the importance of a such remarkable technologies.
Body:
- Answer should have the following dimensions covered:
- Discuss the concept of blockchain Technology -The blockchain is an incorruptible digital ledger of economic transactions that can be programmed to record not just financial transactions but virtually everything of value.
- Enlist the possible applications of blockchain Technology in economic, societal and political spheres.
- Discuss the associated challenges, and how one can overcome it and bring its prospects to use.
Conclusion –
Conclude with significance and what should be the way forward.
Introduction:
Blockchains are a new data structure that is secure, cryptography-based, and distributed across a network. The technology supports cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, and the transfer of any data or digital asset. Anything recorded on them cannot be deleted, and is instantly uploaded to all users on that blockchain. Blockchain is being researched across the banking and financial services industries.
Body:
Prospects:
- Bitcoin is just one of the applications for the technology, whose use is being tested across industries.
- Healthcare, banking, education, agriculture, electricity distribution and land records are sectors that could benefit.
- Blockchain-powered smart contracts, where every piece of information is recorded can enhance ease of doing business.
- It will augment the credibility, accuracy and efficiency of a contract while reducing the risk of frauds, substantially.
- Blockchain could play a crucial part in health insurance claims management by reducing the risk of insurance claim frauds.
- The technology can also be used to prevent the sale of spurious drugs in the country by tracking every step of the supply chain network.
- Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things (IoT) can gain immensely from blockchain applications.
- In an IoT world, thousands of devices would need to rapidly and seamlessly transact with each other in real time.
- The adoption of blockchain by India’s banks could help avert frauds such as the one at Punjab National Bank as the technology updates information across all users simultaneously.
- It could be used to further strengthen our national institutions, including the judiciary and the Election Commission.
- Critical citizen information like land records, census data, birth and death records, business licenses, criminal records, intellectual property registry, electoral rolls could all be maintained as blockchain-powered, tamper-proof public ledgers.
Challenges:
- Blockchain technology is expensive to initially put it in place.
- The massive usage of energy for the functioning of blockchain.
- Safeguarding the privacy of individuals and companies as blockchains are usually open ledgers for everyone to see.
- Knowledge of the benefits of distributed ledger technology is still limited.
- If automated risk management, smart contracts, and similar tools are deployed across a network, cascades of rapid and hard-to-control obligations and liquidity flows could propagate across a network.
- This interdependence will likely call for creative organizational thinking to address the need for governance and strong risk management
Way Forward:
- Blockchain, with all its possibilities, needs a serious look at its vulnerabilities and commerciality.
- Before introducing blockchain into the public sector data-handling system, we need a robust and informative data repository.
- Linking IndiaChain with Aadhar, thus creating a secure personal identity for all Indians.
- Proper regulations for the use of blockchain technology in the country.
- Identifying and resolving key issues and challenges in implementing this technology, the prime amongst those being data privacy.
- India should effectively channel its technical human capital surplus to position itself as one of the pioneers during this upcoming wave of innovation.
Topic: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
Why this question:
The paper covers in detail the concept of Cyber security, its types and the steps India is taking in this direction.
Key demand of the question:
Answer must discuss the concept of cyber-crime, issues posed by it and the efforts by India to tackle such issues.
Directive:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
In a few introductory lines highlight what you understand by cyber-crime.
Body:
In brief discuss the following aspects:
- What do you mean cyber-crime?
- three major categories of cyber-crimes? – Crimes Against People, Crimes Against government, crime against property.
- How is cybercrime committed?
- What are cyber laws in India?
- Discuss significance of policies and laws in this direction like the IT Act etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction:
Cybercrime is a criminal action that encompasses mobile phones, laptop, network, and computer. It is a threat to country’s external and internal security and monetary status. Crimes committed against publics with an illicit intention to cause physical or psychological harm, or loss to the victim directly or indirectly, by means of contemporary telecommunication networks such as social media network, the Internet and mobile phones.
Body:
Types of cyber security threats: Cyber Security is protecting cyber space including critical information infrastructure from attack, damage, misuse and economic espionage.
India’s attempts to tackle these issues:
Information Technology Act, 2000
- The act regulates use of computers, computer systems, computer networks and also data and information in electronic format.
- The act lists down among other things, following as offences:
- Tampering with computer source documents.
- Hacking with computer system
- Act of cyber terrorism i.e. accessing a protected system with the intention of threatening the unity, integrity, sovereignty or security of country.
- Cheating using computer resource etc.
Strategies under National Cyber Policy, 2013
- Creating a secure cyber ecosystem.
- Creating mechanisms for security threats and responses to the same through national systems and processes.
- National Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in) functions as the nodal agency for coordination of all cyber security efforts, emergency responses, and crisis management.
- Securing e-governance by implementing global best practices, and wider use of Public Key Infrastructure.
- Protection and resilience of critical information infrastructure with the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) operating as the nodal agency.
- NCIIPC has been created under Information Technology Act, 2000 to secure India’s critical information infrastructure. It is based in New Delhi.
- Promoting cutting edge research and development of cyber security technology.
- Human Resource Development through education and training programs to build capacity.
Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative: It was launched in 2018 with an aim to spread awareness about cybercrime and building capacity for safety measures for Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) and frontline IT staff across all government departments.
National Cyber security Coordination Centre (NCCC): In 2017, the NCCC was developed. Its mandate is to scan internet traffic and communication metadata (which are little snippets of information hidden inside each communication) coming into the country to detect real-time cyber threats.
Cyber Swachhta Kendra: In 2017, this platform was introduced for internet users to clean their computers and devices by wiping out viruses and malware.
Training of 1.14 Lakh persons through 52 institutions under the Information Security Education and Awareness Project (ISEA) – a project to raise awareness and to provide research, education and training in the field of Information Security.
International cooperation: Looking forward to becoming a secure cyber ecosystem, India has joined hands with several developed countries like the United States, Singapore, Japan, etc. These agreements will help India to challenge even more sophisticated cyber threats.
Way forward:
- Real-time intelligence is required for preventing and containing cyber attacks.
- Periodical ‘Backup of Data’ is a solution to ransomware.
- Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) for predicting and accurately identifying attacks.
- Using the knowledge gained from actual attacks that have already taken place in building effective and pragmatic defence.
- Increased awareness about cyber threats for which digital literacy is required first.
- India needs to secure its computing environment and IoT with current tools, patches, updates and best known methods in a timely manner.
- The need of the hour for Indian government is to develop core skills in cyber security, data integrity and data security fields while also setting stringent cyber security standards to protect banks and financial institutions.
Topic: Disaster and Disaster Management.
Why this question:
At least 20 students were killed, either due to suffocation or falling off the windows in an attempt to escape fire in a coaching centre blaze, in Surat yesterday. Such a disturbing incident necessitates us to take a look at the fire safety aspects of the country and the lacunae therein.
Demand of the question:
The answer must discuss the issues involved and causes for such recurrent fatal fire incidents and the need for overhaul of measures and norms in place to overcome such disasters.
Directive:
Critically analyze – When asked to analyze, you have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgement.
Structure of the answer:
The answer to the question must have the following parts:
- Quote the recent incidences that were witnessed.
- Discuss how such fatal fire incidents necessitates a relook at the current rule, regulations and norms that are almost defunct in practice and corrective measures for the same.
- Discuss who all are vulnerable to it, stakeholders involved.
- What needs to be done to overcome the alarming issue?
- Discuss the institutional mechanisms, health and disaster management aspect of both life and property.
Conclusion:
Conclude with what should be the way ahead.
Introduction:
In India, although there are many rules and regulations, codes and standards related to fire safety, these are seldom followed. Laxity in fire safety measures caused major fires in many buildings. A recent fire incident at a coaching centre in Surat resulted in the death of 22 students. Such a disturbing incident necessitates us to take a look at the fire safety aspects of the country and the lacunae therein.
Body:
Fire Accidents in India:
- According to National crime records bureau figures 17,700 Indians died and 48 people every day due to fire accidents in 2015.
- Of those who died, 62% were women.
- Maharashtra and Gujarat, the two most highly urbanised states, account for about 30% of the country’s fire accident deaths.
- According to India Risk Surveys 2018, outbreak of fire poses risks to business continuity and operations and ranks India at 3rd position in fire incidents, especially in Northern and Western regions of India.
Lacunae in Fire Safety in India:
- Violation of safety norms and lack of standardisation and regulation is a major cause of fire accidents, as large scale construction of false roofs in commercial buildings and multiplexes is against the national building construction code.
- High rise buildings are more prone to fire accidents as they lack an adequate in-built fire protection system that makes salvaging operations difficult.
- Poorly stored goods, even though they are not flammable, helps to spread fire and hinder fire fighters gain access to the seat of the fire or reduce the effectiveness of sprinkler systems.
- Unclear provisions of fire safety audit in terms of scope, objective, methodology and periodicity of a fire safety audit.
- Lack of adequate resources, preparedness and poor fire services fail to ensure fire safety cover to the population.
- Lack of awareness about the safety arrangements before purchasing or hiring a flat in an apartment or before starting an institution.
- Faulty Wiring: PUF (polyurethane foam) used for plastic insulation carries a high risk of accidental fire as most of the times it is exposed to electrical wiring which on becoming heated due to overloading or short circuit catches fire immediately.
Measures needed:
- Modernisation of Fire safety equipment: the government should provide financial support and assistance in augmenting and modernising the fire departments
- Proper designing of electrical fittings and regular maintenance of wiring (at least once in a year).
- Building awareness among citizens about fire prevention and protection measures by organising fire fighting workshop once in six months in localities/Mohallas/schools with the involvement of local councillors/elected representatives.
- Fire service departments should audit critical fire prone installations (like high rise buildings, multiplexes in congested areas) periodically (once in six months) and take appropriate actions against erring establishments.
- Proper demarcation of entry and exit points in crowded buildings, installation of fire fighting equipment and their regular maintenance, periodic renewal of No-objection certificates by building owners in order to ensure fire preparedness.
Way forward:
- Fire service is a state subject and has been included as municipal function in the XII schedule of the Constitution. The municipal corporations and local bodies are responsible for providing fire services in many states.
- All State governments should require mandatory compliance with such safety features for any institution handling patients or giving care.
- Certification of facilities through third-party audit should be made compulsory to eliminate conflicts of interest involving official agencies.
- The institutions should also be insured for the highest levels of public liability.
- At a broader level, governments must shed their indifference and work to make all spaces safe.
- In private, public or commercial buildings, official agencies tend to favour tokenism rather than high standards for the safety of occupants and visitors.
- They are ever-willing to “regularise” deviations in construction over time. It is time to fix responsibility for deadly accidents on a single official agency.
Topic: Ethical dilemma based case.
Ethics by Lexicon publications
Why this question:
The question is to address the ethical dilemma an individual face with respect to the personal duty vs duty towards country.
Key demand of the question:
The answer must analyse the statement based on merits and provide for a balanced opinion.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
In a few introductory lines suggest importance of duty towards country at the cost of individual interests and cases otherwise.
Body:
The question is to address the ethical dilemma an individual face with respect to the personal duty vs duty towards country and the point of being right or wrong with respect to the same.
One has to establish such ethical dilemmas, conflicts witnessed with suitable examples. Based on example form a fair and balanced opinion and conclude with an approach that addresses both the parts of the statement.
Conclusion:
Conclude with importance of such contributors to the society.
Introduction:
The phrase, “My country right or wrong” has become one of the greatest quotes in history. It has the ability to fill your heart with patriotic fervour. However, some linguistic experts believe that this phrase could be a bit too potent for an immature patriot. It could foster an imbalanced view of one’s own nation. Misplaced patriotic fervour could sow the seed for self-righteous rebellion or war.
Body:
In the world we live today, with growing intolerance and terror breeding in every dark alley, one has to tread carefully before using jingoistic phrases purely for rhetoric. While patriotism is a desirable quality in every respectable citizen, we must not forget that the first duty of every global citizen is to set right what is wrong in our country.
Blind patriotism is not patriotism. Jingoism can only bring about the downfall of the nation, just like false pride brings us to a fall. The wrongs by the country should be condemned. Patriotism is also loving your country so much that you have the courage to stand up and say your country is wrong and that it needs to change.
Real patriotism means that you’re willing to pursue that idea even if it means speaking out in a way that ‘traditional patriots’ would consider offensive.
Blind patriotism also leads to majoritarianism which could affect the rights of minorities.
Conclusion:
It is my country to support when it’s right, and to work to change it when it’s wrong. As Martin Luther King Jr. said, the moral arc of the universe is long but it bends towards justice.
Topic: case study based on ethics.
Ethics by Lexicon Publications
Why this question:
The question is to reflect upon the military actions that are taken at times to justify certain situations though they defy the common internationally accepted laws and norms.
Key demand of the question:
The answer should discuss nuances of military actions that are at times taken by countries though they defy international law.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
In a few introductory lines state the context of question.
Body:
The answer must provide for an explanation as to why an action – Military or any powerful action at times defying the natural course of action that confers to the international norms, rules and regulations is justified.
One can quote examples of recent Indian surgical airstrikes on Pakistan etc.
Students must ensure the opinion stated is fair and balanced one. Such examples are must to justify the answer well.
Conclusion:
Suggest what needs to be done, how best situations can be handled.
Introduction:
The unanimous political and military actions by few nations defying the international laws are a point of debate. Military intervention is used solely as a last resort when diplomacy fails and military intervention can be justified. Not all acts of military intervention occur between massive nations and nations that cannot defend themselves
Body:
Two ethical systems could provide guidance regarding the decision to intervene.
Just war theory, popularized by the work of St. Thomas Aquinas, provides a template for the conditions that must be met for a state to undertake military action. These jus ad bellum (“right to war”) principles include: right intentions, high probability of success, proportionality, and action of last resort.
E.g.: India’s support to the cause of Bangladesh liberation against Pakistani atrocities.
Another relevant doctrine is the responsibility to protect (R2P), which demands that the international community “never again fails to act in the face of genocide and other gross forms of human rights abuse.” The principle of the Responsibility to Protect is based upon the underlying premise that sovereignty entails a responsibility to protect all populations from mass atrocity crimes and human rights violations.
e.g.: The grave crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo of killings, tortures, rapes, and mass displacement were perceived as requiring intervention.
However, military interventions under different pretexts are unethical, for such acts are carried out by powerful nations against the powerless to realize their own agendas in a changing global perspective. E.g.: Russia’s annexation of Crimea.
The Responsibility to Protect has been the subject of considerable debate, particularly regarding the implementation of the principle by various actors in the context of country-specific situations, such as Libya, Syria, Sudan and Kenya, for example. One of the main concerns surrounding R2P is that it infringes upon national sovereignty. The other concerns include that it Does Not Prioritize the Interests of the People Affected, the Costs of Military Intervention and Pacifism.
Further, the doctrine of humanitarian intervention and responsibility to protect are not legally binding instruments, they are free to be utilized at the hands of the powerful nations. UN does not have enforcement agencies to punish wrongdoers.
Conclusion:
The legitimacy for an intervention must be established on a case-by-case basis. The existence of a UN mandate no longer gives automatic legitimacy to the P5 countries to intervene. The humanitarian intervention with a consensus of the affected state is justified as against unanimous action.
Extra information: The Responsibility to Protect (R2P or RtoP) is a global political commitment which was endorsed by all member states of the United Nations at the 2005 World Summit in order to address its four key concerns to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity
