Insights Static Quiz -33, 2018
General Science
INSIGHTS IAS QUIZ ON STATIC SYLLABUS - 2018
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
Consider the following statements:
- Only sulfur is used in vulcanisation of rubber
- During vulcanisation, anti-oxidants are also commonly included to retard deterioration caused by oxygen and ozone
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
Solution: b)
Apart from sulfur, Phenolic resin is also used.
Vulcanization, chemical process by which the physical properties of natural or synthetic rubber are improved; finished rubber has higher tensile strength and resistance to swelling and abrasion, and is elastic over a greater range of temperatures. In its simplest form, vulcanization is brought about by heating rubber with sulfur.
The reactions between rubber and sulfur are not fully understood, but in the product, the sulfur is not simply dissolved or dispersed in the rubber; it is chemically combined, mostly in the form of cross-links, or bridges, between the long-chain molecules.
In modern practice, temperatures of about 140°–180° C are employed, and in addition to sulfur and accelerators, carbon black or zinc oxide is usually added, not merely as an extender, but to improve further the qualities of the rubber. Anti-oxidants are also commonly included to retard deterioration caused by oxygen and ozone. Certain synthetic rubbers are not vulcanized by sulfur but give satisfactory products upon similar treatment with metal oxides or organic peroxides.
Incorrect
Solution: b)
Apart from sulfur, Phenolic resin is also used.
Vulcanization, chemical process by which the physical properties of natural or synthetic rubber are improved; finished rubber has higher tensile strength and resistance to swelling and abrasion, and is elastic over a greater range of temperatures. In its simplest form, vulcanization is brought about by heating rubber with sulfur.
The reactions between rubber and sulfur are not fully understood, but in the product, the sulfur is not simply dissolved or dispersed in the rubber; it is chemically combined, mostly in the form of cross-links, or bridges, between the long-chain molecules.
In modern practice, temperatures of about 140°–180° C are employed, and in addition to sulfur and accelerators, carbon black or zinc oxide is usually added, not merely as an extender, but to improve further the qualities of the rubber. Anti-oxidants are also commonly included to retard deterioration caused by oxygen and ozone. Certain synthetic rubbers are not vulcanized by sulfur but give satisfactory products upon similar treatment with metal oxides or organic peroxides.
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Question 2 of 5
2. Question
Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil. The commonly used oil in these oil paintings is
Correct
Solution: b)
- Linseed Oil – made from flax, linseed is the most popular due to its flexibility and resistance to cracking. It does have a strong tendency to yellow with age, however.
- Walnut Oil, Poppy Oil and Safflower Oil – much less likely to yellow, these thin, clear watery oils are much more prone to cracking.
Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil, commonly linseed oil. The viscosity of the paint may be modified by the addition of a solvent such as turpentine or white spirit, and varnish may be added to increase the glossiness of the dried oil paint film.
Incorrect
Solution: b)
- Linseed Oil – made from flax, linseed is the most popular due to its flexibility and resistance to cracking. It does have a strong tendency to yellow with age, however.
- Walnut Oil, Poppy Oil and Safflower Oil – much less likely to yellow, these thin, clear watery oils are much more prone to cracking.
Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil, commonly linseed oil. The viscosity of the paint may be modified by the addition of a solvent such as turpentine or white spirit, and varnish may be added to increase the glossiness of the dried oil paint film.
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Question 3 of 5
3. Question
After hatching on beaches around the world, loggerhead sea turtles undertake multiyear, epic migrations at sea. Then, the turtles return to the exact spot where they were born to mate and lay their own eggs. Which of the following options explains how these turtles find exact spot of their birth?
Correct
Solution: c)
It’s explained in the following article:
Incorrect
Solution: c)
It’s explained in the following article:
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Question 4 of 5
4. Question
With reference to lekking, a sort of animal behaviour, consider the following statements:
- It is observed only in mammals such as blackbucks
- Lekking erodes genetic diversity
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
Solution: d)
(Questions like this are asked keeping in mind Prelims is both for civils and forest service – which UPSC remembers well while framing paper)
A lek, from the Swedish word for “play”, is an aggregation of male animals gathered to engage in competitive displays, lekking, to entice visiting females which are surveying prospective partners for copulation.[1] Leks are commonly formed before or during the breeding season. A lekking species is characterised by male displays, strong female mate choice, and the conferring of male indirect benefits. Although most prevalent among birds such as black grouse, lekking is also found in insects including paper wasps, crustaceans, fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. (hence, statement 1 is wrong)
Second statement:
Lekking creates a paradox: strong sexual selection by females for specific male traits ought to erode genetic diversity by Fisherian runaway, but diversity is maintained and runaway does not occur. Many attempts have been made to explain it away, but the paradox remains
Fisherian runaway: (someone please explain in comment section!)
Incorrect
Solution: d)
(Questions like this are asked keeping in mind Prelims is both for civils and forest service – which UPSC remembers well while framing paper)
A lek, from the Swedish word for “play”, is an aggregation of male animals gathered to engage in competitive displays, lekking, to entice visiting females which are surveying prospective partners for copulation.[1] Leks are commonly formed before or during the breeding season. A lekking species is characterised by male displays, strong female mate choice, and the conferring of male indirect benefits. Although most prevalent among birds such as black grouse, lekking is also found in insects including paper wasps, crustaceans, fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. (hence, statement 1 is wrong)
Second statement:
Lekking creates a paradox: strong sexual selection by females for specific male traits ought to erode genetic diversity by Fisherian runaway, but diversity is maintained and runaway does not occur. Many attempts have been made to explain it away, but the paradox remains
Fisherian runaway: (someone please explain in comment section!)
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Question 5 of 5
5. Question
With reference to Genetic diversity, consider the following statements:
- It is either the presence of, or the generation of, genetic differences in a species
- Genetic diversity helps in species diversity
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
Solution: b)
First statement refers to Genetic Variability (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_variability)
Second statement is correct:
A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that genetic diversity and biodiversity (in terms of species diversity) are dependent upon each other—that diversity within a species is necessary to maintain diversity among species, and vice versa. According to the lead researcher in the study, Dr. Richard Lankau, “If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single species.”
Genotypic and phenotypic diversity have been found in all species at the protein, DNA, and organismal levels; in nature, this diversity is nonrandom, heavily structured, and correlated with environmental variation and stress.
The interdependence between genetic and species diversity is delicate. Changes in species diversity lead to changes in the environment, leading to adaptation of the remaining species. Changes in genetic diversity, such as in loss of species, leads to a loss of biological diversity. Loss of genetic diversity in domestic animal populations has also been studied and attributed to the extension of markets and economic globalization.
Incorrect
Solution: b)
First statement refers to Genetic Variability (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_variability)
Second statement is correct:
A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that genetic diversity and biodiversity (in terms of species diversity) are dependent upon each other—that diversity within a species is necessary to maintain diversity among species, and vice versa. According to the lead researcher in the study, Dr. Richard Lankau, “If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single species.”
Genotypic and phenotypic diversity have been found in all species at the protein, DNA, and organismal levels; in nature, this diversity is nonrandom, heavily structured, and correlated with environmental variation and stress.
The interdependence between genetic and species diversity is delicate. Changes in species diversity lead to changes in the environment, leading to adaptation of the remaining species. Changes in genetic diversity, such as in loss of species, leads to a loss of biological diversity. Loss of genetic diversity in domestic animal populations has also been studied and attributed to the extension of markets and economic globalization.
